經濟學人 為何台灣年輕人抱怨成為「房奴」?新一代開始質疑擁有房產的價值

250130經濟學人 為何台灣年輕人抱怨成為「房奴」?新一代開始質疑擁有房產的價值

自從 30 歲的冰嬌(Ice Jao)在兩年前結婚後,她的母親就不斷催促她買房。這位珠寶銷售員每月支付 425 美元(約新台幣 13,500 元)租住台北郊區一間約兩個停車位大小的公寓。她與丈夫以及兩隻貓共同居住在這裡。她的父母認為「只有擁有自己的房子,才算真正的家」。但冰嬌卻不願成為「屋奴」(房奴),這個詞在台灣年輕人間流行,用來形容那些因昂貴房貸而感到被困住的年輕購屋族。......↓

台灣年輕人稱買房為負擔並非誇大其詞,因為房價確實高得驚人。在台北,房價中位數是家庭所得中位數的 16 倍,這比紐約(9.8 倍)、倫敦(14 倍)或首爾(13 倍)還要高。即使在首都以外的地區,情況也沒有好多少。聯合國認為,房價收入比若為 3 倍才算可負擔,但台灣的全國平均比率高達 11 倍,即使是最便宜的城市基隆,該比率也達到 6.5 倍。2024 年第二季度,台灣家庭平均將近一半的可支配所得用於房貸,在台北,這一比例甚至超過 70%。

台灣政府長期以來一直推崇房屋所有權,這與傳統華人「有土斯有財」的觀念一致,退休學者張金鶚指出。「每個人都覺得『我一定要買房,不然就是人生失敗者』」,曾競選立委並主張房市改革的台北房仲陳泰源(Chen Taiyuan)如此說道。因此,台灣約 85% 的家庭住在自己擁有的房屋中。這讓老一輩人獲得了回報:根據某房價指數,自 2000 年以來,台北的平均房價已經上漲了三倍。

然而,現在的買家未必能享受同樣的增值效益。台灣人口正在萎縮,外國投資者對台灣房地產的興趣也在減少,這表示房價可能下跌。「台灣的房子已經太多了」,都市規劃倡議組織的廖庭輝(Liao Ting-hui)表示。台灣擁有超過 900 萬個住宅單位,但家庭總數僅約 800 萬戶。根據最新的人口普查,約五分之一的住宅是空置的,而近五年內興建的房屋中,約四分之一仍然沒有人居住。廖庭輝指出,富裕買家囤積了大量空屋。

政府對此幾乎無所作為。雖然房產持有者若擁有四戶以上需繳納較高稅額,但實際稅額微不足道。台灣的房屋稅是根據政府評定的土地與建築價值計算,而這些估值與市場價格脫節,且數十年來未曾調整。根據某智庫計算,擁有一棟市值 90 萬美元(約新台幣 2,900 萬元)的房屋,其繳納的稅額甚至低於一輛 2 萬美元(約新台幣 64 萬元)汽車的稅金。

調整稅制並不受歡迎,因此政府選擇專注於租金補貼與社會住宅。2023 年,政府擴大了首次購房者的房貸計畫,導致房價與交易量激增。許多年輕人因此「瘋狂搶房」,廖庭輝表示。央行去年不得不收緊信貸管制,隨後交易量才趨緩。然而,台灣年輕人仍然面對缺乏保障的租屋市場。去年,台灣租金指數創下歷史新高。

原文:Why Taiwanese youth complain ofbecoming “housing slaves” A new generation is questioning the value of homeownership

Ever since Ice Jao, a 30-year-old, got married two years ago, her mother has been pestering her to buy a home. The jewellery seller pays $425 a month to rent a flat about the size of two parking spaces on the outskirts of Taipei, the capital of Taiwan. She shares it with her husband and two cats. Her parents think
that “only a house you own can really be a home”, she says. But Ms Jao is reluctant to become a wu nu, or “housing slave”, she says. That is slang for young homebuyers who feel trapped by their expensive mortgages.

Taiwan’s youngsters are not exaggerating when they call homeownership a burden. House prices on the island are exorbitant. In Taipei, median house prices are 16 times the median income. That is a higher ratio than New York (9.8), London (14), or Seoul (13). It is not much better outside the capital. The United Nations considers a housing price-to-income ratio of three to be afordable. But Taiwan’s national average is 11. Even its cheapest city, Keelung, has a ratio of 6.5. The average Taiwanese household spent nearly half of their disposable income on mortgage payments in the second quarter of 2024. In Taipei, they spent more than 70%.

Taiwan’s government has long promoted homeownership in line with traditional Chinese beliefs that land equals wealth and security, says Chang Chin-oh, a retired academic. “Everyone believes, ‘I must buy, or else I’m a loser’,” says Chen Taiyuan, an estate agent in Taipei who has run for parliament on a platform of housing-policy reform. As a result, nearly 85% of Taiwanese households live in homes that they own. That has paid of for older generations: average home prices in Taipei have tripled since 2000, according to one index.

Buyers today are unlikely to benefit in the same way. Taiwan’s population is shrinking, and foreigners are investing less in Taiwanese property. That means house prices are likely to fall. “There are already too many houses in Taiwan,” says Liao Ting-hui, who works for an urban-planning advocacy group. Taiwan has over 9m housing units for only about 8m households. One-fifth of homes are empty, according to the latest census. And nearly a quarter of properties built in the past five years are unoccupied. Wealthy buyers are hoarding empty flats, says Mr Liao.

The government has done little to stop such behaviour. Property owners pay higher taxes if they own four or more units, but the amounts they owe are puny. Taxes are calculated according to government-assessed land and building values that are decoupled from market prices and undervalued (as the methods of calculation have not changed for decades). The owner of a $900,000 house pays less in taxes than the owner of a $20,000 car, according to calculations by one think-tank.

Adjusting the tax system would be unpopular. Instead Taiwan’s government has focused on providing rent subsidies and social housing. In 2023 it also expanded a housing-loan programme for first-time buyers. That caused a spike in both prices and sales. Many young Taiwanese jumped into “crazy panic buying”, says Mr Liao. The central bank had to tighten credit controls last year. Since then sales have slowed. Meanwhile, young Taiwanese face an insecure rental market with few protections. Last year an index of rental prices in Taiwan hit an all-time high.

【經濟學人:為何台灣年輕人抱怨成為「房奴」?新一代開始質疑擁有房產的價值】

你我都知道,當今國會擁有席次的政黨,不論藍綠白,最大政治獻金的金主,皆為財團和建商,有些政客的間接關係之副業也都和不動產有關;媒體也是,有的媒體老闆甚至本業就是建設公司。這也導致,我們的政府,對於《居住正義》議題所提出之相關政策,不是虛應故事,就是頭痛醫頭,甚至「不演了」。

以預售來說,

只有台灣的制度是,建商可以提前拿承購戶存入信託帳戶的工程款來蓋房子,所以倘若房子蓋到一半時發生建商倒閉以致建案變爛尾樓,消費者也拿不回全部的價金;這種事先動用買方的價金來蓋房的模式,根本就是一種「投資」行為,偏偏建商還話術你:「因為最新,所以最貴。」而且,蓋好交屋後還沒有分紅。

以成屋來說,

1.持有稅,不論是房屋稅還是地價稅,稅基都非實價計算,遭國人嘲諷,持有一台汽車所要繳的稅比房子還多。

2.空屋稅,只調稅率,不調稅基,且有使用就不課,多屋族仍享有低稅負。

3.內政部前部長林右昌說過:「房子不是拿來打的」、「年輕人買不起房是因為沒有規劃」,還指示財政部推出「5年寬限期」的炒房政策《新青安》,之後出席代銷全聯會還公開表示:「政府政策為房地產市場注入新量能,今天我問代銷業者近來銷況如何,得到了『不錯』的答案。」

以登記制來說,

台灣是全世界極少數仍有公設登記的國家,然而,內政部前部長林右昌不推「實坪制」,而是搞兩面手法推「虛坪改革」;這讓建商依舊可從「銷坪係數」灌高公設比,同時又可以騙取不懂的無殼蝸牛的選票。

以租賃來說,

1.租約到期面臨續約時,房東可以任意漲租甚至不租,政府擺明要讓台灣的年輕人「租屋沒有安全感」,才有利建商賣房子。

2.用人民的納稅錢來推租金補貼,飲鴆止渴,租金指數愈補愈高,造成買不起也租不好。

以都更來說,

預售、成屋、租賃,統統都有定型化契約,反而牽扯利益最高的都更卻沒有;內政部前部長林右昌還曾公然反對過,擺明就是要幫黑心建商利用資訊極度不對稱使出「契約陷阱條文」來坑蒙拐騙地主的財產。

以媒體來說,

1.遇到不同意戶就扣上貪婪釘子戶標籤。

2.帶風向、洗腦民眾「房價只漲不跌、沒房就是魯蛇、再不買就買不起、崇拜炒房者」等歪風。

綜上,

你就知道,為什麼我當時會答應「唯一不接受建商任何形式資助」的《時代力量》的徵召參選不分區立委了吧!

ps:這不是專訪,我只是該篇報導裡的受訪者之一(雖然採訪過程至少有超過1小時導致我以為可能是專訪),但我想,全台灣,縱使我不是第一位,至少也是極少數能被《經濟學人》採訪的「房仲」,所以這算是一種肯定,對吧?然後,由於要會員登入才可綜觀全文,因此我將原文用截圖的方式分享,至於中文轉譯的部分,我也透過ChatGPT協助翻譯一併放在留言區。

我主要是想藉由分享該篇報導,順便還原,我受訪當時講的內容,而我當時接收到的訪綱主題大概是:台灣的「建商財團」與「政府政客」之複雜關係與影響。

新聞網址→https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/01/30/why-taiwanese-youth-complain-of-becoming-housing-slaves



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